Sewage sludge challenges in the Kingdom of Bahrain: environmental and health impacts and sustainable solutions

In the Kingdom of Bahrain, sewage sludge is considered a source of numerous environmental and health challenges due to its complex nature and composition. These problems represent a critical issue that requires immediate attention and intervention to safeguard the environment and health of local communities. Among the prominent challenges are: Groundwater and surface water pollution-Infectious and bacterial diseases-Impact on the marine environment-Unpleasant odors and negative visual impact. Therefore, enhancing efforts to effectively treat and utilize sewage sludge is a vital step towards preserving the environment and the health of communities in Bahrain. This commitment involves adhering to global standards and achieving sustainable development goals